CONSTRACTIVE ANALYSIS
DIFFERENCES OF PRONOUN IN ENGLISH AND
JAPANESE LANGUAGE
Arrange by :
Muhammad Lutfi Zakaria
20158100336 / VF
ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM
STKIP KUSUMANEGARA
2017
PREFACE
Praise come to Allah SWT for blessing me
finishing the contrastive analysis paper assignment properly and correctly,
also on time.
This paper is structured so that readers will
know different aspects of language from two different countries. This paper was
compiled with help from some part had concluded from several journals.
The topic about difference of pronoun in English
and Japanese language was chosen
because I really like japanese language and want to learn it. Moreover, it has
interesting idea to be discussed and also to improve our knowledge.
I also thank to Mr. Wisnu as the lecturer in
Contrastive Analysis and Error Analysis. Hopefully this paper can help the
readers to expand their knowledge about English. Besides, this paper has
advantages and disadvantages. I will receive all the suggestion for this paper
complement.
JAKARTA, 08 OCTOBER 2017
The Author
TABLE OF CONTENT
Acknowledgment
............................................................................. i
Table
of content
............................................................................. ii
Chapter
I Introduction
A.
Background .......................................................................... iii
B.
Problem formulation
............................................................ iii
C.
Purpose of objective
........................................................... iii
Chapter
II Discussion
A.
Definition of Pronoun
......................................................... 1
B.
Use and Etymology
............................................................ 1
C.
Differences Between Japanese and English That
Make Japanese an Easy Language To Learn ............................ 3
D.
List of Japanese personal pronouns
................................ 4
Chapter
III Conclusions
A.
Conclusions
........................................................................ 9
Bibliography
................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
Japanese seems to exist
in a language family of its own, although some linguists believe it may be related
to Korean and Turkish. It is spoken as a mother-tongue by the 130 million
people in Japan and by expatriates across the world. There are very significant
differences between Japanese and English, particularly in sentence structure,
which make it hard for most Japanese ESL students to acquire English at the
same rate as, for example, their German or Swedish peers.
B.
Problem formulation
1.
What is a
definition pronoun?
2.
What is a
use and etymology?
3.
How to
Differences Between Japanese and English That Make Japanese an Easy Language To
Learn.
4.
What is a
list of Japanese personal pronouns.
C.
Purpose of objective
1.
To know
definition pronoun.
2.
To know use
and etymology.
3.
To
differences between japanese and english that make japanese an easy language to
learn.
4.
To know list
of japanese personal pronouns.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.
Definition pronoun
English :
A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase.
Pronouns refer to either a noun that has already been mentioned or to a noun
that does not need to be named specifically.
Japanese : Japanese pronouns (or Japanese
deictic classifiers) are words in the Japanese language used to address or
refer to present people or things, where present means people or things that
can be pointed at. The position of things (far away, nearby) and their role in
the current interaction (goods, addresser, addressee, bystander) are features
of the meaning of those words. The use of pronouns, especially when referring
to one self and speaking in the first person, vary between gender, formality,
dialect and region where Japanese is spoken.
B.
Use and etymology
In contrast to present people and things,
absent people and things can be referred to only by naming as in
"Miyazaki", by instantiating a class as in "the house" (in
a context where there is only one house) and by presenting things in relation
to present, named and suigeneris people or things as in "I'm going
home", "I'm going to Miyazaki's place", "I'm going to the
mayor's place", "I'm going to my mother's place", "I'm
going to my mother's friend's place". Functionally, deictic classifiers
not only indicate that the referenced person or thing has a spatial position or
an interactional role but also classify it to some extent. In addition,
Japanese pronouns are restricted by a situation type (register): who is talking
to whom, about what, and through which medium (spoken or written, staged or in
private). In that sense, when a male is talking to his male friends, the
pronoun set that is available to him is different from that which is available
when a man of the same age talks to his wife and from that which is available
when a woman talks to her husband. These variations in pronoun availability is
determined by the register.
In linguistics, generativists and other
structuralists suggest that the Japanese language does not have pronouns as
such, since, unlike pronouns in most other languages that have them, these
words are syntactically and morphologically identical to nouns. As
functionalists point out, however, these words function as personal references,
demonstratives, and reflexives, just as pronouns do in other languages.
Japanese has a large number of pronouns,
differing in use by formality, gender, age, and relative social status of
speaker and audience. Further, pronouns are an open class, with existing nouns
being used as new pronouns with some frequency. This is ongoing; a recent
example is jibun (自分, self), which is now used by some young men
as a casual first-person pronoun.
Pronouns are used less frequently in the Japanese
language than in many other languages,[5] mainly because there is no
grammatical requirement to include the subject in a sentence. That means that
pronouns can seldom be translated from English to Japanese on a one-to-one
basis.
The common English personal pronouns, such
as "I", "you", and "they", have no other meanings
or connotations. However, most Japanese personal pronouns do. Consider for
example two words corresponding to the English pronoun "I": 私 (watashi) also means
"private" or "personal". 僕 (boku) carries a masculine impression; it is used
by males, especially those in their youth.[6]
Japanese words that refer to other people
are part of the encompassing system of honorific speech and
should be understood within that context. Pronoun choice depends on the
speaker's social status (as compared to the listener's) as well as the
sentence's subjects and objects.
The first-person pronouns (e.g., watashi,
私) and second-person pronouns (e.g., anata,
貴方) are used in formal contexts (However the latter
can be considered rude). In many sentences, pronouns that mean "I"
and "you" are omitted in Japanese when the meaning is still clear.[3]
When it is
required to state the topic of the sentence
for clarity, the particle wa (は) is used, but it is not required when the topic can be
inferred from context. Also, there are frequently used verbs that can indicate
the subject of the sentence in certain contexts: kureru (くれる) means "give" in the sense that
"somebody gives something to me or to somebody very close to
me." Ageru (あげる) also means "give", but in the sense that
"someone gives something to someone other than me."
In sentences comprising a single adjective
(often those ending in -shii), it is often assumed that the speaker
is the subject. For example, the adjective sabishii (寂しい) can represent a complete sentence that means
"I am lonely."
Thus, the first-person pronoun is usually
not used unless the speaker wants to put a special stress on the fact that they
are referring to themselves or if it is necessary to make it clear. In some
contexts, it may be considered uncouth to refer to the listener (second person)
by a pronoun. If it is required to state the second person, the listener's
surname, suffixed with -san or some other title (like
"customer", "teacher", or "boss"), is generally
used.
Gender differences in spoken Japanese also create another challenge, as men and women
refer to themselves with different pronouns. Social standing also determines
how people refer to themselves, as well as how they refer to other people.
C.
Differences Between Japanese and English That
Make Japanese an Easy Language To Learn
(I found this on line
years ago and don't remember the author. However, it is really useful -
Beatty-sensei)
Six Differences Between
Japanese and English That Make Japanese an Easy Language To Learn.
1. There are no words in
Japanese equivalent to the English articles "a", "an", and
"the". If, for example, you wa（は）nt to refer to a book in Japanese, you don't have to say
"a book" or "the book". You just say hon (book). hon =
"a book" hon = "the book".
2. There are no plural
forms in Japanese. Whether you refer to the equivalent of "a book" or
"many books", the word used is always just hon. A listener
understands on the basis of context whether what is being referred to is
singular or plural in number. hon = "a book" hon = "(many)
books"
3. There are no
possessive forms of nouns or pronouns in Japanese. If you wa （は）nt to say "Mr. Tanaka's book", you
simply speak the possessive particle no after the words for Mr. Tanaka and then
follow it with the word for book. Mr. Tanaka's book ---> Tanaka-san no hon たなかさんのほんです。 If you want to say "my book" you
just use the word for "I" (boku if you are male, watashi if you are
female) and follow it with no and then followed by hon. my book ---> boku no
hon 僕のほんです。 my
book ---> watashi no hon 私の本です。
4. In English we have to
say "I am ...", "She/he is ...", and "They are
..." in using the irregular verb "to be". In Japanese, the one
word desu is used in all three instances. watashi/boku wa（は） gakusei desu. I am [a] student. kanojo wa（は） gakusei desu. She is [a] student. karera wa（は） gakusei desu. They are student[s].
5. Verbs in Japanese
come at the end of sentences, clauses, or utterances. Once you become familiar
with the structural particle patterns of Japanese, this difference in word
order will seem natural, since the structural particles define the function of
each part of a sentence as it is spoken, and you will usually anticipate what
the verb at the end of a sentence, clause, or utterance will be.
6. Here are the
different ways one can say "I" depending on the situation and to whom
one is speaking to, whether it be a superior or a close friend.
- watakushi わたくし --- very formal
- watashi わたし --- formal
- boku (male) 僕, atashi (female) あたし ---
informal
- ore (male) 俺 --- very informal
D.
List of Japanese personal pronouns
The list is incomplete, as there are
numerous Japanese pronoun forms, which vary by region and dialect. This is a
list of the most commonly used forms. "It" has no direct equivalent
in Japanese (though in some contexts the demonstrative pronoun それ is translatable as "it"). Also,
Japanese doesn't generally inflect by case, so, I is equivalent to me.
Level of speech
|
Gender
|
Notes
|
|||
– I/me – |
|||||
watashi
|
わたし
|
私
|
formal/informal
|
both
|
In formal
or polite contexts, this is gender neutral; in casual speech, it is typically
only used by women. Use by men in casual context may be perceived as either
stiff or feminine.
|
watakushi
|
わたくし
|
私
|
very
formal
|
both
|
|
ware
|
われ
|
我, 吾
|
very
formal
|
both
|
Used in
literary style. Also used as rude second person in western dialects.
|
waga
|
わが
|
我が
|
very
formal
|
both
|
Means
"my" or "our". Used in speeches and formalities; 我が社 waga-sha (our company) or
我が国 waga-kuni (our country).
|
ore
|
おれ
|
俺
|
informal
|
males
|
Frequently
used by men.[8] Establishes a sense of masculinity.
Can be seen as rude depending on the context. Emphasizes one's own status
when used with peers and with those who are younger or of lesser status.
Among close friends or family, its use conveys familiarity rather than masculinity
or superiority. It was used by both genders until the late Edo period and
still is in some dialects. Also oi in Kyushu
dialect.
|
boku
|
ぼく
|
僕
|
informal
|
males
|
Used by males
of all ages; very often used by boys. Perceived as humble, but can also carry
an undertone of "feeling young" when used by males of older age.
Also used when casually giving deference; "servant" uses the same
kanji (僕 shimobe).
Can also be used as a second-person pronoun toward male children (English
equivalent – "kid" or "squirt").
|
– you (singular) –
|
|||||
(name
and honorific)
|
formality
depends on the honorific used
|
both
|
|||
anata
|
あなた
|
貴方, 貴男, 貴女
|
formal/informal
|
both
|
The kanji
are very rarely used. The only second person pronoun comparable to English
"you", yet still not used as often in this universal way by native
speakers, as it can be considered having a condescending undertone,
especially towards superiors.[3][8][better source needed] For expressing "you" in formal contexts, using the
person's name with an honorific is more typical. More commonly, anata may
be used when having no information about the addressed person; also often
used as "you" in commercials, when not referring to a particular
person. Furthermore, commonly used by women to address their husband or
lover, in a way roughly equivalent to the English "dear".
|
anta
|
あんた
|
informal
|
both
|
Contraction
of あなた anata.[7] Can express contempt, anger or
familiarity towards a person. Generally seen as rude or uneducated when used
in formal contexts.
|
|
otaku
|
おたく
|
お宅, 御宅
|
formal,
polite
|
both
|
A polite
way of saying "your house", also used as a pronoun to address a
person with slight sense of distance. Otaku/otakki/ota turned
into a slang term referring to a type of geek/obsessive hobbyist, as they often addressed each other
as otaku.
|
omae
|
おまえ
|
お前
|
very
informal
|
both
(masculine)
|
|
temee, temae
|
てめえ,
てまえ |
手前
|
mainly
males
|
Literal
meaning "the one in front of my hand". Temee, a
reduction of temae, is more rude. Used when the speaker is very
angry. Originally used for a humble first person. The Kanji are seldom used
with this meaning, as unrelated to its use as a pronoun, 手前 can also mean "before", "this
side", "one's standpoint" or "one's appearance".
|
|
–
he / she –
|
|||||
ano kata
|
あのかた
|
あの方
|
very formal
|
both
|
Sometimes
pronounced ano hou, but with the same kanji.
|
ano hito
|
あのひと
|
あの人
|
formal/informal
|
both
|
Literally
"that person".
|
yatsu
|
やつ
|
奴
|
informal
|
both
|
A thing (very
informal), dude, guy.
|
koitsu, koyatsu
|
こいつ,
こやつ
|
此奴
|
very informal,
implies contempt
|
both
|
Denotes a person or
material nearby the speaker. Analogous to "he/she" or "this
one".
|
soitsu, soyatsu
|
そいつ,
そやつ
|
其奴
|
very informal,
implies contempt
|
both
|
Denotes a person or
material nearby the listener. Analogous to "he/she" or "that
one".
|
aitsu, ayatsu
|
あいつ,
あやつ
|
彼奴
|
very informal,
implies contempt
|
both
|
Denotes a person or
(less frequently) material far from both the speaker and the listener.
Analogous to "he/she" or "that one".
|
–
he –
|
|||||
kare
|
かれ
|
彼
|
formal (neutral)
and informal (boyfriend)
|
both
|
Can also mean
"boyfriend". Formerly 彼氏 kareshi was
its equivalent, but this now always means "boyfriend".
|
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
A.
Conclusion
Version English : A pronoun is a word that is used instead of
a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns refer to either a noun that has already been
mentioned or to a noun that does not need to be named specifically.
Version Japanese : Japanese pronouns (or
Japanese deictic classifiers) are words in the Japanese language used to
address or refer to present people or things, where present means people or
things that can be pointed at. The position of things (far away, nearby) and
their role in the current interaction (goods, addresser, addressee, bystander)
are features of the meaning of those words. The use of pronouns, especially
when referring to one self and speaking in the first person, vary between
gender, formality, dialect and region where Japanese is spoken.
In contrast to present people and things,
absent people and things can be referred to only by naming as in
"Miyazaki", by instantiating a class as in "the house" (in
a context where there is only one house) and by presenting things in relation
to present, named and suigeneris people or things as in "I'm going
home", "I'm going to Miyazaki's place", "I'm going to the
mayor's place", "I'm going to my mother's place", "I'm
going to my mother's friend's place". Functionally, deictic classifiers
not only indicate that the referenced person or thing has a spatial position or
an interactional role but also classify it to some extent. In addition,
Japanese pronouns are restricted by a situation type (register): who is talking
to whom, about what, and through which medium (spoken or written, staged or in
private). In that sense, when a male is talking to his male friends, the
pronoun set that is available to him is different from that which is available
when a man of the same age talks to his wife and from that which is available
when a woman talks to her husband. These variations in pronoun availability is
determined by the register.
Bibliography
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